A household list of Lithuanian tinctures, decoctions and micro-enemas still circulates as a “natural pharmacy” for the stomach and bowels. Some of the plants sit in European herbal monographs. A few have a thin clinical trail. Others carry documented toxins. This article keeps the original recipes intact and puts each one next to the evidence and the harms.
Key Takeaways by Planet Today
The list is a tannin-and-carminative kit, not a single miracle plant: most of these recipes cluster around diarrhea, mucosal irritation, bloating and mild bleeding. That is consistent with Baltic ethnobotany, not with a secret anticancer protocol.
One plant on the list has a real trial: tormentil root extract shortened rotavirus diarrhea in children in a small 2003 randomized study. The European Medicines Agency still classifies the rhizome as traditional use for mild diarrhea in adults, not as a proven drug.
Alcohol tinctures change the risk profile: several recipes start with 50–70 percent spirit. The plant may be astringent; the solvent is still ethanol. That matters for pregnancy, liver disease, alcohol use disorder and driving.
Two items on the original list are not “gentle herbs”: common tansy contains thujone and has killed people as tea or oil. Bird-cherry pits release cyanide if crushed. The original warning on the pits is not folklore. It is chemistry.
Mainstream and alternative media talk past each other: daily papers in Lithuania treat woodland cinquefoil as a familiar village astringent and print contraindications. Alternative sites stretch the same root toward potency, prostate and even cancer. The gap is marketing, not a hidden archive of trials.
Implication: a three-week course of chamomile or caraway is not the same decision as a month of propolis spirit or a tansy infusion. Treat the list as a catalog, not as a stack to take at once.
Why this old list still moves
The recipes arrived as a compact household protocol: woodland cinquefoil root in vodka, motherwort tea, honey in cold water, hyssop, propolis spirit, calendula, wild-strawberry leaf, fennel, pomegranate fruit and peel, mint, dill in milk, black-poplar buds, chamomile, tansy, raspberry, bird cherry, bergenia, great burnet, watermelon rind, grey alder, caraway, agrimony, onion juice, and chamomile-honey micro-enemas.
Read them in one sitting and a pattern appears. Almost every preparation is meant to be taken before meals. Almost every plant is either rich in tannins (which bind proteins on a raw mucosa and slow a loose stool) or rich in essential oils that ease spasm and gas. That is how Lithuanian village medicine has treated the gut for generations. It is also why a 2026 review of twenty-one Lithuanian studies found the highest agreement among healers precisely on bloating and diarrhea — caraway fruit tea for the first, bilberry and a handful of bitter or astringent plants for the second. source
What the list does not say is as important as what it does. It does not name a diagnosis. It does not say how to tell viral gastroenteritis from inflammatory bowel disease from a bleeding ulcer. Mainstream coverage in Lithuania — 15min, regional health pages, pharmacy explainers — usually stops at “ask a doctor if it lasts.” Alternative pages keep the same gram weights and add claims the monographs never made. Both sides are using the same plants. They are not using the same standard of proof.
What changed in the public record this year
On 30 April 2026 the journal Plants published a synthesis of Lithuanian digestive-plant use: 185 taxa appear in the literature, only 36 of them have an EMA herbal monograph, yet nine of those approved species sit in the local top ten. Chamomile and wormwood dominate the “most mentioned” list. Caraway is the consensus plant for flatulence. That paper does not validate every kitchen recipe. It does confirm that the collection below is not an invention of the internet. It is a compressed version of a living practice. source
Separately, the European Medicines Agency’s herbal committee has kept reviewing old monographs rather than inventing new miracles. Calendula flower went through a periodic review; an addendum to the assessment report was adopted in 2025. Tormentil’s classification has not jumped from “traditional” to “well-established.” The committee’s 2026 work plan is still about monographs and safety limits, not about replacing antibiotics. source
For a sense of how Planet Today reads plant claims against trials in other rooms of the body, see the same week’s look at beetroot juice and blood pressure and the earlier file on dandelion root extract and cancer models.
Woodland cinquefoil — the plant that opens the list
In Lithuanian the headliner is miškinė sidabražolė. Botanically that points to Potentilla erecta, tormentil, a low woodland rose-family plant whose rhizome can hold 15–22 percent tannins. Related white cinquefoil (Potentilla alba) is the species Eastern European thyroid folklore prefers. The recipe below uses the root and a three-week vodka maceration, which is the classic tormentil-style tincture, not a leaf tea.
Original recipe. Cover 30 grams of woodland cinquefoil roots with 500 ml of good vodka of at least 50 percent alcohol. Stand 21 days in a dark, cool place, shaking regularly. Strain. Take 30 drops in half a glass of water three times a day, 20 minutes before meals.
What folk use and some clinics claim. Astringent action on the gut and mouth. Help with loose stools, mild mucosal inflammation, bleeding gums, and historically with ulcers. Lithuanian popular health writing has long called the rhizome one of the safer plant astringents for diarrhea and mouth rinses. A 2003 randomized, double-blind trial in St. Petersburg gave tormentil root extract to children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus diarrhea: median duration fell from five days to three, and more children were stool-normal at 48 hours. That is a real signal. It is also one small study, in a hospital, with a specific extract, not a kitchen vodka jar. source
The EMA monograph on Tormentillae rhizoma accepts two traditional indications in adults: symptomatic mild diarrhea, and minor inflammation of the oral mucosa as a rinse. It does not authorize self-treatment of bloody stools, recurrent diarrhea, or use in children on the strength of that single trial. source
Possible harm. High-tannin drugs can bind dietary iron and, used for months, contribute to poor iron uptake. They can worsen constipation. Alcohol in the tincture is a separate exposure: 30 drops three times a day is not a drink, but it is not zero. People with alcohol problems, liver disease, or pregnancy should not treat a stomach ache with spirit. Folk pages also warn against use when blood clotting is already high or when the stomach is “weak” in the old sense of ulcer-prone emptiness. Do not use it as a stand-in for medical care if there is blood in the stool, fever, or weight loss.
Mass media vs alternative media. 15min and pharmacy explainers stay close to diarrhea, mouth rinse, burns and eczema, and print the contraindications. Alternative Lithuanian pages attach the same root to male potency, prostatitis and, in older apothecary lore, even cancer recipes from Viekšniai. Those extra claims do not have the rotavirus trial behind them. White cinquefoil thyroid tinctures are a different plant and a different argument; mixing the two names is how folklore inflates a tannin root into a hormone drug.
Motherwort
Original recipe. Pour 400 ml of boiling water over 2 tablespoons of dried, crushed herb. Steep 40 minutes. Strain. Drink the whole amount during the day in small portions, before meals, for 3 weeks.
Leonurus cardiaca is a mint-family sedative historically used for palpitations, nervous tension and, in older texts, “womb” complaints — the English name motherwort is not a metaphor. Lithuanian sources list it for cardiovascular neurosis, mild blood-pressure reduction and sleep.
Claimed benefit. Calming of a racing, anxious heart; modest support when stress sits in the chest and the stomach at once. Some traditional systems also give it for mild digestive unease tied to nerves.
Possible harm. It can potentiate other sedatives and blood-pressure drugs. Avoid in pregnancy because of historical uterine activity. Allergies to mint-family plants happen. Three weeks of tea is a folk course, not a license to drop prescribed cardiac medicine.
Honey
Original recipe. 80–100 grams of honey per day, dissolved in cold water or apple juice, drunk three times a day before meals.
Honey is the best-documented item on the list and the easiest to oversell. It is antimicrobial on surfaces, soothes a cough in some trials, and is food. One hundred grams is also a large sugar load — roughly 80 grams of sugars.
Claimed benefit. Soothing of the gut lining, mild antimicrobial action, a caloric buffer when appetite is poor.
Possible harm. Never give honey to infants under 12 months (botulism spores). People with diabetes cannot treat this as a free food. Pollen-allergic patients can react. Dissolving honey in apple juice stacks sugar on sugar. Medical-grade honey used on wounds is not the same product as supermarket honey swallowed by the jar.
Hyssop
Original recipe. Pour 2 glasses of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of hyssop flowers and leaves in equal parts. Steep 20 minutes. Strain. Drink half a glass four times a day.
Lithuanian juozažolė in this floral-and-leaf recipe is Hyssopus officinalis, not St. John’s wort (jonažolė). Hyssop is a bitter, camphoraceous mint used for coughs and as a digestive bitter.
Claimed benefit. Easier breathing in a cold; bitter stimulation of appetite and bile flow.
Possible harm. The essential oil is neurotoxic in high dose because of pinocamphone. Tea is milder than oil, but pregnancy, epilepsy and small children are the usual stop signs. Do not confuse it with St. John’s wort, which interacts with a long list of drugs.
Propolis
Original recipe. Cover 150 grams of propolis with 500–600 ml of 70 percent spirit. Shake well for several minutes. Stand 7 days. Strain. Take ½–1 teaspoon in a small glass of water three times a day, 30 minutes before meals, for 1 month.
Propolis is bee resin, not a plant. Laboratory work shows antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Human evidence for swallowed spirit extracts in chronic gut disease is thin compared with the marketing.
Claimed benefit. Local antimicrobial effect in the mouth and throat; folk use for “cleansing” the gut.
Possible harm. Bee-product allergy can be severe. Seventy-percent spirit by the teaspoon, three times a day for a month, is a meaningful ethanol dose. Asthma and atopic eczema raise the allergy risk. Quality varies wildly; raw propolis can carry contaminants.
Calendula
Original recipe. Pour 2 glasses of boiling water over 2 teaspoons of calendula. Steep 30 minutes. Strain. Drink half a glass four times a day before meals.
EMA accepts calendula flower, on traditional use, for minor skin inflammation and as an aid in healing minor wounds. Internal tea for the gut is older folk practice and sits on weaker formal ground than the skin use. A 2025 addendum to the EU assessment reviewed newer papers and did not turn the flower into an internal drug of well-established use. source
Possible harm. Asteraceae allergy (ragweed, chrysanthemum, daisies). Internal use in pregnancy is usually discouraged for lack of data, not because of a famous poison.
Wild strawberry leaves
Original recipe. Pour 2 glasses of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of chopped wild-strawberry leaves. After 20 minutes strain. Drink one-third of a glass before meals for 3 weeks.
Fragaria vesca leaf is a mild astringent and diuretic in Baltic use. Evidence is traditional, not trial-heavy.
Possible harm. Strawberry allergy. Diuretic teas can bother people with low blood pressure or who already take water pills. Wild-collected leaves pick up roadside dust and agricultural spray if you do not know the meadow.
Fennel
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of boiling water over 10 grams of fennel fruits and heat in a water bath for 15 minutes. Cool, strain, top up with boiled water to 200 ml. Drink one-third to one-half glass three times a day.
Fennel fruit is one of the better-supported carminatives in Europe. EMA traditional use covers mild spasm and bloating. Lithuanian consensus in the 2026 review sits even more firmly on caraway, but fennel belongs to the same practical family.
Possible harm. Estragole in the oil is a regulatory concern at high, chronic essential-oil doses; culinary and tea amounts used short-term are the usual folk range. Allergy. Not a treatment for bowel obstruction.
Pomegranate fruit and pomegranate peel
Original fruit recipe. Cover 20 grams of dried pomegranate or 50 grams of fresh fruit with seeds with 1 glass of cold water. Simmer gently 30 minutes. Cool slightly, strain. Take 2 tablespoons twice a day.
Original peel recipe. Pour boiling water over 2 tablespoons of crushed peel and heat 30 minutes in a double boiler. Filter through several layers of gauze and top up to the original volume. Drink one-quarter glass 2–3 times a day before meals.
Fruit and juice have a modern antioxidant reputation. The peel is the old medicine: very high in tannins and punicalagin, used against diarrhea and worms in many folk systems.
Possible harm. Peel decoctions in high dose have been tied to acute toxicity in case reports outside Europe; they are not a casual tea. Pellets and peel can interact with drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes in ways juice already hints at. The seeds in the fruit recipe are not the cyanide problem — that problem belongs to bird cherry, below.
Mint
Original recipe. Pour 2 glasses of hot water over 2 tablespoons of mint leaves. After 20 minutes strain. Drink half a glass 3–4 times a day, 15–20 minutes before meals.
Peppermint and related mints ease spasm in the upper gut for many people. Enteric-coated oil has better trial data than leaf tea; tea is still a reasonable traditional digestive.
Possible harm. Heartburn can worsen because mint relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter. Gallbladder obstruction is a classic caution. Menthol can drop breathing drive in very young infants if applied around the nose; this recipe is an adult tea.
Dill or anise in milk
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of milk over 1 tablespoon of dill or anise seeds and bring to a boil. Cool, strain, drink slowly in small sips.
Carminative seeds in warm milk is a European nursery idea that never fully left the adult kitchen. Anise and dill both move gas. Milk is comfort food and, for the lactose-intolerant, a second problem.
Possible harm. Lactose. Anise in medicinal doses is not advised in pregnancy in many handbooks. Choking risk if seeds are not strained for children — the original text does not mention children, and that silence should be read as “not for them.”
Black poplar buds
Original recipe. Cover 50 grams of poplar buds with 0.5 litre of good vodka. Keep 2 weeks in the dark, shaking often. Take 1 tablespoon in a small glass of water three times a day, 15 minutes before meals.
Populus nigra buds are resinous and contain salicylate-related compounds. Folk use is rheumatic and antiseptic as much as digestive.
Possible harm. Aspirin-type sensitivity, bleeding risk with anticoagulants, alcohol load again. Buds collected from city trees carry exhaust film. This is one of the stronger “do not stack with blood thinners” items on the list.
Chamomile
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of hot water over 1 tablespoon of chamomile flowers. After 1 hour strain. Drink half a glass three times a day.
If one plant on this list is both folk and official, it is chamomile. EMA traditional indications include minor gastrointestinal spasm and bloating, and minor mouth ulcers. The 2026 Lithuanian review puts it among the two most-cited digestive plants in the country.
Possible harm. Asteraceae allergy, rare anaphylaxis. Sedation in sensitive people when combined with other calmatives. Quality: flower heads mold in damp jars and then you are drinking a different biology.
Common tansy — the dangerous familiar
Original recipe. Pour 300 ml of hot water over 5 grams of tansy flowers. After 2 hours strain. Take 1 tablespoon three times a day.
Tanacetum vulgare was a worming and “women’s” plant. It is also a thujone plant. EMA’s public statement on thujone-containing herbals exists because this chemistry is not theoretical. Tansy tea and tansy oil have caused convulsions, uterine bleeding and death. Ten drops of the oil have been lethal in old reports; tea has killed as well. source
Claimed benefit in the old books. Expulsion of intestinal worms; bitter digestive.
Possible harm. Neurotoxicity, abortifacient effect, contact dermatitis. This is the recipe on the list that a cautious reader should simply not run at home. Mainstream toxicology and alternative herbalism actually agree more here than on cinquefoil: respectable herbals pulled internal tansy decades ago. If a page still offers it as a three-times-daily tablespoon, that page is repeating an archive, not a safety review.
Raspberry fruit or leaf
Original recipe. Pour 400 ml of hot water over 4 teaspoons of raspberry berries or chopped leaves. Steep 30 minutes. Strain. Drink half a glass before meals four times a day.
Leaf tea is the pregnancy folklore item; fruit is food. Evidence that leaf shortens labor is mixed and not the point of this gut-facing list. As a mild astringent drink it is low drama.
Possible harm. Leaf tea in late pregnancy is a midwife tradition with uneven data — do not start it from a gut article. Pesticide load on commercial leaves varies.
Bird cherry — keep the pits whole
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of bird-cherry fruits and simmer gently 5 minutes. After 2 hours strain. Drink one-quarter glass 2–3 times a day.
Original warning. Do not crush the stones in the fruits; they contain poisonous substances.
That warning is the most important sentence in the whole list. Prunus padus stones, like other Prunus pits, hold cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and kin) that release hydrogen cyanide when crushed and digested. Whole fruits simmered and strained are the traditional astringent for diarrhea. Crushed kernels are how a food becomes a poison. source
Possible harm beyond the pits. Over-astringency. Confusion with other wild cherries. Children and crushed seeds are the worst pairing.
Bergenia
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of hot water over 1 tablespoon of crushed bergenia rhizomes with roots and boil 30 minutes in a double boiler. Cool, strain. Take 2 tablespoons 3–4 times a day.
Bergenia crassifolia is a Siberian and Russian official astringent: tannins, arbutin, bergenin. Folk use covers diarrhea, mouth inflammation and gynecological bleeding. Reviews exist; large Western trials do not. source
Possible harm. Arbutin-related hydroquinone exposure if someone treats it as a year-round tea. Constipation. Not a substitute for gynecological diagnosis.
Great burnet
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of hot water over 1 tablespoon of crushed Sanguisorba officinalis rhizomes with roots, simmer 30 minutes. After 2 hours strain. Take 1 tablespoon five times a day before eating.
Another tannin hemostatic. East Asian and European folk systems used it for bloody diarrhea and uterine bleeding.
Possible harm. The same tannin bundle: constipation, reduced iron uptake, delay in seeking care for gastrointestinal bleeding that needs a hospital, not a spoon.
Watermelon rind
Original recipe. Pour 2 glasses of hot water over 80–100 grams of dried, crushed watermelon rind. Drink half a glass 4–6 times a day.
Folk diuretic and “cooling” drink. Citrulline lives mostly in the flesh; the rind is fiber, some cucurbit chemistry, and a lot of water-binding pectin once dried.
Possible harm. Volume load in kidney or heart failure. Pesticide skin on conventionally grown melons if the rind was not peeled clean before drying. Weak evidence for anything beyond hydration and mild diuresis.
Grey alder cones and bark
Original cone recipe. Cover 1 tablespoon of grey-alder cones with 200 ml of water, bring to a boil and simmer 2 minutes more. Steep, and after 2 hours strain. Drink one-quarter glass four times a day before meals.
Original bark recipe. Pour 200 ml of hot water over 15 grams of young grey-alder bark. Take 1 tablespoon 3–4 times a day.
Alnus incana cones are a northern European astringent for diarrhea, close in logic to oak bark. Bark is stronger and more likely to irritate.
Possible harm. High tannin. Bark decoctions are harsher than cone teas. Alder grows on wet ground; identification errors with other wetland shrubs are possible if you forage without a key.
Caraway
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of hot water over 1 tablespoon of caraway seeds. Steep 30 minutes. Take 1 tablespoon 3–4 times a day.
This is the Lithuanian consensus carminative. The 2026 review found the strongest healer agreement on bloating precisely here. EMA traditional use covers dyspepsia and spasm. In some districts caraway decoction replaced ordinary tea.
Possible harm. Low at tea dose. Gallstone colic is not a caraway job. Essential oil is a different, hotter preparation than a tablespoon of seed tea.
Agrimony
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of crushed herb, simmer covered 2–3 minutes, stand 2–3 hours. Strain. Drink one-third of a glass three times a day.
Agrimonia eupatoria is another tannin throat-and-gut plant, used as a gargle and a mild antidiarrheal.
Possible harm. Tannin stack if combined with cinquefoil, alder, burnet and pomegranate peel in the same week — the original list never says to take every recipe together, and that silence is mercy.
Onion juice
Original recipe. Drink onion juice, 1 teaspoon 3–4 times a day.
Allicin-related chemistry is antimicrobial in a dish. A teaspoon of raw juice is a blunt instrument: it burns the mouth and can inflame an already raw esophagus or ulcer.
Possible harm. Mucosal burn, heartburn, odor, interaction with anticoagulants in larger allium doses. Not for reflux-dominant patients.
Chamomile-and-honey micro-enemas
Original recipe. Pour 1 glass of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of chamomile flowers and just bring to a boil. Cool to a usable temperature, strain, dissolve 1 teaspoon of honey in the decoction. One micro-enema uses 30–50 ml. Course: 8 procedures.
Rectal chamomile is old European practice for local irritation. Honey adds stickiness and sugars to a space that can grow bacteria if hygiene is sloppy.
Possible harm. Burns from liquid that is still too hot. Injury from hard nozzles. Infection if the kit is not clean. Honey in the rectum is not sterile medical honey. Eight home procedures are not a treatment plan for inflammatory bowel disease, parasites, or prostate disease. If there is blood, fever, or severe pain, this is the wrong room of the house.
What mass media say, and what alternative desks add
Lithuanian mass-market health pages treat woodland cinquefoil as a known astringent: diarrhea, mouth rinse, skin compresses, do not use in constipation or when clotting is high. They print the same gram weights the village used. They rarely promise a restored libido or a melted tumor.
Alternative and “esoteric health” pages keep the weights and extend the story — potency, prostate, thyroid (often by swapping in white cinquefoil without saying so), and century-old cancer notebooks from provincial pharmacies. Those notebooks are historical documents. They are not phase-III trials. Russian-language herbal commerce and Baltic Facebook groups amplify the same stretch because a root that already stains the tongue brown feels like it must be doing something systemic.
English-language mainstream coverage barely knows tormentil. When it appears, it is a footnote under “traditional antidiarrheals” or a mention of the 2003 pediatric paper. English alternative coverage prefers flashier plants. That is why a Lithuanian kitchen list can look either like grandmother’s common sense or like a suppressed protocol, depending on which tab you opened first.
How to read the whole protocol without lying to yourself
Several plants here are food-grade or monograph-grade at tea dose: chamomile, fennel, caraway, mint, honey in adults, calendula, raspberry fruit. Several are rational astringents with a plausible mechanism and thin human data: tormentil, agrimony, alder cones, great burnet, bergenia, strawberry leaf. Several are ethanol deliveries of those same plants. Two are actively dangerous if treated casually: tansy, and crushed bird-cherry stones.
Stacking them is the hidden risk the original list never calculates. Tannins add. Alcohol adds. Asteraceae allergies add. A person taking anticoagulants who then adds poplar buds, onion juice and propolis is running an experiment the recipe author did not supervise.
The honest position is narrower than both the newspaper shrug and the miracle thread. Some of these drinks will settle a short, watery gut the way strong black tea does — by tanning the surface. Some will ease gas the way a seed infusion always has. None of them replaces stool tests, endoscopy, or an antibiotic when the diagnosis is bacterial and severe. The curiosity gap is not “what are they hiding.” It is “which item on this list is a tea, which is a spirit, and which is a poison if you follow the wrong sentence.”
Practical cautions that apply to the entire list
Do not forage protected or misidentified plants. Lithuania has restricted some wild collections; buying dried material from a pharmacy supplier is dull and safer. Do not give alcohol tinctures to children. Do not use honey in infants. Pregnant readers should treat motherwort, hyssop, tansy, poplar, concentrated alcohol and “women’s” astringents as off-limits unless a clinician who knows the product says otherwise. Stop for rash, wheeze, vomiting, black stool, or neurological symptoms. Two weeks is a long time to self-treat diarrhea; three weeks of five tannin teas is longer.
Sources worth keeping open
- EMA tormentil monograph and HMPC assessment — traditional use, adult diarrhea, oral mucosa. EMA tormentil
- Subbotina et al., 2003, pediatric rotavirus trial. PubMed
- Karpavičienė, Plants 2026 — Lithuanian digestive ethnobotany. MDPI Plants
- EMA thujone public statement. EMA thujone
- EMA calendula flower. EMA calendula
- Lithuanian popular baseline on the same root: 15min.lt
Original source of the recipe list. Compiled Lithuanian household and herbalist instructions circulating without a single canonical URL; closely matching texts appear in Lithuanian herbal pages dated from 2013 through 2024–2025 (including nesergu.lt, kanapiuukis.lt and paranormal.lt recipe blocks). Recipe wording in this article follows the user-supplied text of 13 September 2026 without adding extra steps.
Disclaimer for fact-checkers. This article is reporting and context, not a prescription. Primary regulators cited are the European Medicines Agency’s Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products and peer-reviewed ethnobotany from Lithuania’s Nature Research Centre. Popular Lithuanian health sites vary in rigor: 15min is a mainstream commercial daily and should be read as general-audience reporting, not as a monograph. Herbal commerce sites sell product and should be read as such. Where Western mass media under-cover a Baltic plant, that absence is not proof of suppression; tormentil is simply more visible in German, Polish, Russian and Lithuanian pharmacy culture than in English-language consumer press. Where alternative sites attach cancer or potency claims to a tannin rhizome, demand the trial, not the adjective. Readers should treat any single outlet — state, commercial, or dissident — as a starting point and check the EMA text and the methods section of the study.